Biography of Nellie McClung, Canadian Activist

Memoir of Nellie McClung, Canadian Activist Nellie McClung (October 20, 1873â€September 1, 1951) was a Canadian womens suffragette and balance advocate. She got popular as one of the Famous Five Alberta ladies who started and won the Persons Case to have ladies perceived as people under the BNA Act. She was additionally a mainstream writer and writer. Quick Facts: Nellie McClung Known For: Canadian suffragette and authorAlso Known As: Helen Letitia MooneyBorn: October 20, 1873 in Chatsworth, Ontario, CanadaParents: John Mooney, Letitia McCurdy.Died: September 1, 1951 in Victoria, British Columbia, CanadaEducation: Teachers College in Winnipeg, ManitobaPublished Works: Sowing Seeds in Danny, Flowers for the Living; A Book of Short Stories, Clearing in the West: My Own Story, The Stream Runs Fast: My Own StoryAwards and Honors: Named one of Canadasâ first privileged senatorsSpouse: Robert Wesley McClungChildren: Florence, Paul, Jack, Horace, MarkNotable Quote: Why are pencils furnished with erasers if not to address botches? Early Life Nellie McClung was conceived Helen Letitia Mooney on October 20, 1873 and was brought on a residence up in Manitoba. She got next to no conventional instruction until the age of 10 yet in any case got a showing testament at age 16. She wedded drug specialist Robert Wesley McClung at 23 and joined her relative as a functioning individual from the Manitou Womans Christian Temperance Union. As a young lady, she kept in touch with her first novel, Sowing Seeds in Danny, a clever book about western nation life that proceeded to turn into a blockbuster. She at that point proceeded to compose stories and articles for different magazines. Early Activism and Politics In 1911, the McClungs moved to Winnipeg, and it was there that Nellies ground-breaking talking abilities got significant in the political field. From 1911â€1914, Nellie McClung battled for womens testimonial. In the 1914 and 1915 Manitoba common decisions, she crusaded for the Liberal Party on the issue of ladies casting a ballot. Nellie McClung composed the Winnipeg Political Equality League, a gathering gave to helping working ladies. A dynamic and clever open speaker, Nellie McClung addressed much of the time on moderation and womens testimonial. In 1914, Nellie McClung went about as the job of Manitoba Premier Sir Rodmond Roblin in the fake Womens Parliament proposed to show the preposterousness of denying ladies the vote. In 1915, the McClung family moved to Edmonton Alberta; in 1921, Nellie McClung was chosen for the Alberta administrative get together as a restriction Liberal for the riding of Edmonton. She was crushed in 1926. The Persons Case Nellie McClung was one of the Famous Five in the Persons Case, which built up the status of ladies as people under the law. The Persons Case identified with the British North America Act (BNA Act) which alluded to people as guys. At the point when Canadas first female police officer was designated, challengers contended that the BNA Act didn't consider ladies as people and they proved unable, thusly, be delegated to legitimate places of intensity. McClung was one of five Alberta ladies who battled against the wording of the BNA Act. After a progression of thrashings, the British Privy Council (Canadas most noteworthy court of offers) decided for the ladies. This was a significant triumph for womens rights; the Privy Council expressed that the prohibition of ladies from every single open office is a relic of days more brutal than our own. Furthermore, to the individuals who might inquire as to why the word people ought to incorporate females, the undeniable answer is, the reason would it be a good idea for it to not? Only a couple of months after the fact, the primary lady was designated to the Canadian Senate. Later Career The McClung family moved to Vancouver Island in 1933. There, Nellie kept composition, concentrating on her two-volume personal history, short stories, and true to life. She served on the CBCs leading body of governors, turned into a representative to the League of Nations, and proceeded with her open talking work. She composed a sum of 16 books, incorporating the acclaimed In Times Like These. Causes Nellie McClung was a solid supporter for the privileges of ladies. Likewise, she dealt with causes including balance, processing plant security, mature age annuities, and open nursing administrations. She was likewise, alongside a portion of her Famous Five partners, a solid supporter of selective breeding. She put stock in automatic cleansing of the incapacitated and assumed a significant job in pushing through the Alberta Sexual Sterilization Act went in 1928. In her 1915 book, In Times Like These, she composed: [...] to carry kids into the world, experiencing the impediment brought about by numbness, neediness, or culpability of the guardians, is a horrifying wrongdoing against the guiltless and sad, but one about which hardly anything is said. Marriage, homemaking, and the raising of youngsters are left totally to risk, thus it is no big surprise that humankind delivers such a significant number of examples who, on the off chance that they were silk stockings or boots, would be stamped â€Å"seconds.† Demise McClung passed on of characteristic causes at her home in Saanich (Victoria), British Columbia, on September 1, 1951. Inheritance McClung is a mind boggling figure for women's activists. From one perspective, she battled for and assisted with accomplishing a significant political and legitimate objective, formalizing the privileges of ladies as people under the law. Then again, she was likewise a solid promoter for customary family structure and for selective breeding a very disagreeable idea in todays world. Sources Renowned 5 Foundation.â€Å"Nellie McClung.†Ã‚ The Canadian Encyclopedia.The Nellie McClung Foundation.

Mba Spring2011 Merck Sample Group Project

DELAWARE STATE UNIVERSITY (MBA †Spring 2011) Strategic Management Case Study Executive Summary:3 Current Vision4 Current Mission4 Values5 Current Strategies:6 Developed Vision7 Developed Mission7 Reason for new mission8 SWOT Analysis9 External opportunities:9 External Threats:10 Financial and Operating Performance Analysis11 Close Competitors11 Ratio Analysis11 Key Industry Ratios14 Operating Profit margin14 Net Profit margin14 Current Ratio14 Return on Assets15 Debt/Equity Ratio15 Inventory Turnover Ratio15 Revenue Growth16 Market Share16 Internal Strengths16Internal Weakness20 External Factor Evaluation Matrix21 Competitive Profile Matrix23 Internal Factor Evaluation24 Space Matrix27 SWOT Matrix29 Grand Strategy Matrix31 Recommended Strategies31 Recommended procedure No. 1:31 Recommended technique No. 2:32 Projected Financial Statements33 Projected Ratios34 Company worth Analysis34 Annual Objectives:35 Strategic Review and Evaluation Procedures:35 Bibliography:36 Executive Sum mary: Merck & Co. is an exploration driven pharmaceutical organization associated with assembling of pharmaceuticals and drugs.Merck's items are not restricted to preventive and remedial antibodies. Merck converged with Schering-Plow in November of 2009 for $41billion. Merck is situated in Whitehouse Station, New Jersey and has in excess of 110000 representatives. The organization has a yearly income of $45billion during the year finishing December 2010. The expansion in incomes was for the most part because of the steady deals coming about because of the consideration of the post-merger consequences of Schering-Plow items. The working benefit of the organization was $1,653. 0 million during FY2010, a lessening of 90% over 2009.The net benefit was $859 million in FY2010, an expansion of 93% more than 2009. Merck’s items incorporate preventive and helpful immunizations sold by remedy to treat human issue and to likewise treat creature wellbeing. The organization overse es numerous items in various sections. Human wellbeing pharmaceutical items comprise of remedy remedial and preventive specialists for the treatment of human issue. Merck appropriates its human wellbeing pharmaceutical items to retailers, government, tranquilize organizations, wellbeing and health associations, and others.Merck's antibody items are basically overseen and managed at doctor workplaces. These items incorporate preventive immunizations. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vaccines for Children program is a significant client for a portion of these antibodies. Merck additionally deals with a clinical pipeline that has items in a wide range of malady areas not restricted to diabetes, heart strokes, hyper-strain, incendiary issues, nervous system science related sicknesses, osteoporosis, respiratory, female wellbeing and numerous other noticeable and new domains.This pipeline is overseen in stages followed by a couple of prepared for enrollment. Lion's share of these are dependent upon FDA endorsement before business producing initiates. Merck likewise oversees antibodies for creature wellbeing and this is a developing section where there is more requirement for inquire about for counteraction of numerous maladies in creatures. Notwithstanding the above a wide range of fragments, Merck additionally deals with an arrangement of normal purchaser human services and makes numerous OTC items, foot and sun care items in the USA as well as in Canada. Current VisionWe have any kind of effect in the lives of individuals internationally through our imaginative prescriptions, antibodies, and purchaser wellbeing and creature items. We seek to be the best human services organization on the planet and are devoted to giving driving developments and answers for tomorrow. (1) Current Mission To give inventive, unmistakable items and administrations that spare and improve lives and fulfill client needs, to be perceived as an incredible work environment, and to furnish financial specialists with a prevalent pace of return. (1) | Mission Component| Accomplished? | 1| Customers| No| | Products or Services| Yes| 3| Markets| No| 4| Technology| No| 5| Concern for endurance, development and profitability| No| 6| Philosophy| No| 7| Self-Concept| No| 8| Concern for open image| Yes| 9| Concern for employees| Yes| Values Our business is saving and improving human life. We likewise work to improve creature wellbeing. The entirety of our activities must be estimated by our accomplishment in accomplishing these objectives. We esteem, most importantly, our capacity to serve each and every individual who can profit by the proper utilization of our items and administrations, in this manner giving enduring shopper satisfaction.We are focused on the best expectations of morals and trustworthiness. We are dependable to our clients, to Merck representatives and their families, to the situations we possess, and to the social orders we serve around the w orld. In releasing our duties, we don't take proficient or moral alternate routes. We are devoted to the most elevated level of logical greatness and submit our exploration to improving human and creature wellbeing and the personal satisfaction. We endeavor to recognize the most basic needs of shoppers and clients, and we give our assets to meeting those needs.We anticipate benefits, yet just from work that fulfills client needs and advantages humankind. This relies upon keeping up a monetary position that welcomes interest in driving edge look into and that makes it conceivable to viably convey the aftereffects of that exploration. Our capacity to exceed expectations relies upon the respectability, information, creative mind, expertise, assorted variety and cooperation of our workers. To this end, we endeavor to make a situation of common regard, support and collaboration. We likewise endeavor to remunerate responsibility and execution and be receptive to the necessities of our wor kers and their families. 1) Current Strategies: * The Access Strategy targets expanding access to drugs, antibodies, and social insurance in the rising and created nations. * To guarantee wellbeing and nature of items, Merck acquainted a ‘Anti-counterfeiting’ technique with forestall fakes over the world. Merck has arrangement a propelled research center to actualize this strategy.* To reestablish certainty as a quality maker of worldwide immunizations, Merck keeps on executing antibody flexibly producing methodology. * Merck keeps on executing its worldwide assorted variety methodology. * Merck’s investigate system is intended to mprove efficiency and the likelihood of achievement and this is checked by a Research Strategy Review Committee. * The most mainstream MRL system I. e. Merck Research Laboratory technique is intended to deal with the pipeline that utilizes the aptitude to treat numerous unsolved ailments and medical problems. MRL researchers are energet ic about settling and meeting neglected clinical needs. * Merck built up External Basic Research (EBR) and an EBR system are planned to extend the extension and size of Merck’s early pipeline through organizations with outer accomplices. * Merck follows a dependable estimating arrangement through its overall layered evaluating methodology. To cultivate wellbeing proficiency in Switzerland, Merck follows the Swiss e-wellbeing procedure and as a major aspect of this technique, they work with colleges around the globe. * Merck shaped a Global Labor Relations Strategy to incorporate worldwide work rules and standards and checking devices worldwide.* Merck vitality the board technique fills in as a helpful system in estimating current execution coming about in Merck accepting the Energy Star supported greatness grant. * Merck’s corporate technique is â€Å"Plan to win†. * Merck has a gracefully procedure that joins the abilities of inner and outside makers. (1) Devel oped Vision Our vision is to be an exceptional and most confided in organization in the world’s medicinal services and pharmaceutical industry. † Developed Mission We are energetically dedicated to giving inventive, thorough and viable wellbeing arrangements (2) that will improve the wellbeing, health and personal satisfaction of our clients (1), shoppers and accomplices around the world for now, tomorrow and everlastingly through our proceeded with prevalent execution, savvy and imaginative representatives (9), creative and subjective safe items, maintainable and gainful associations and by building expanded investor returns through this process.We will concentrate on expanding human services get to (6) in the neighborhood and developing markets (3) and will endeavor to utilize current condition amicable technology(4) for our logical advancement to improve efficiency and to diminish expenses to make our items increasingly reasonable. We will serve the general public an d the qualified individuals (8) with programs that will give free and practical wellbeing arrangements. We will team up with worldwide think-tanks to lead and add to the goals of worldwide medical problems (7) and we will situate ourselves as the best in the business with reasonable prosperity(5). Strategic Accomplished ? | 1| Customers| Yes| 2| Products or Services| Yes| 3| Markets| Yes| 4| Technology| Yes| 5| Concern for endurance, development and profitability| Yes| 6| Philosophy| Yes| 7| Self-Concept| Yes| 8| Concern for open image| Yes| 9| Concern for employees| Yes| Reason for new crucial current strategic not energizing and doesn't underline on all the key segments of a compelling strategic. The new strategic on wellbeing arrangements in general versus items and administrations as it were. The new crucial focused towards the prosperity of the end buyer and not simply to spare the life.The center is explicitly referenced to be in all business sectors including the developing m arkets. Present day condition amicable innovation will be utilized to create safe items that are not counterproductive to the prosperity of the end purchaser. The destitute individuals will be presented with viable arrangements and the new crucial proposes maintainable success while connecting with innovative and savvy individuals building gainful investor returns through the entire procedure. SWOT Analysis External chances: O1 †The ongoing concurrence with Schering-Plow opens more roads for potential develop

How to Get a Free Domain Name for Your Website (Register Now!)

How to Get a Free Domain Name for Your Website (Register Now!) .elementor-19992 .elementor-element.elementor-element-19992{text-align:center}Last Updated on February 23, 2020Your website domain name is a major part of you online identity. It isn’t just the gateway to your website but it will be how customers remember you which is why many businesses spend some extra time settling on the perfect domain.But today I want to talk about how to get a free domain name for your website or emails. did you know that there are ways (if you are smart about it and look around) to get a free domain name registration? Disclosure As an independent review site, we get compensated if you purchase through the referral links or coupon codes on this page â€" at no additional cost to you. Dismiss alert Yep! You can find hosting providers and website builders that throw in a free domain name if you go with their services. Yes, unless you go with a premium domain, domains are not too expensive. 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Join the FREE TrainingDo You Want To Learn How To Build 6 Figures Authority Sites?Join This Free Training To...Finally have a proven method to finding profitable nichesGet access to a foolproof keyword research methodLearn how to outsource quality contentLearn how to build white hat links to your site without headaches Still want a completely free domain name?Well either way, read on because Ill show you how to get the domain name completely free in a few different ways, and Ill also how to get it free with hosting from reliable places.Table of Contents Here’s how to get a free domain nam e1. HostGator2. BlueHost3. SquareSpace4. Dot.tk (by Freenom)5. 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Wilsonian Progressivism vs. Roosevelt Progressivism

The late 19th century to early 20th century is characterized as the Progressive Era. This is when reformers strived for better welfare policies and more rights for the people. Although three presidents reigned during this movement, only two are known for their policies. Theodore Roosevelt, the arrogant and egomaniacal president spoke out of ambition, whereas Woodrow Wilson, the more morally inclined leader spoke out of actual desire. Both had similar ideas, but their means of displaying them, and actually carrying through were different. Roosevelt was militaristic and felt war solved everything. Wilson was a pacifist and felt America should try to help their own people first before going to war. Roosevelt fought for the protection of the†¦show more content†¦Wilsons number one desire was to be loved by the people. He could not win as much respect as Roosevelt won, but did find some affection in politics. He had many limitations, but one of the most severe was his respect for tradition. Wilson, instead of trying to make the government better and newer, he wanted to imitate the government of Great Britain, with cabinet being more like parliament. One of his main criticisms was that the current government had no room for debate, or great minds like Calhoun, Webster, and Clay. Wilson was much more sincere then Roosevelt, and actually provided a display of the reforms he wanted to achieve. Prior to his career in politics, Wilson served as the president of Princeton University. He therefore had much sympathy to the way education was run throughout the country, and wanted reforms to occur. He felt students were not allowed to express their opinion freely enough, and called for a more democratic undergraduate life. Similarly to Roosevelt, Wilson was hostile to labor unions, suspicious of large trusts, and unaware of how to handle trusts. The Triple Wall of Privileges was Wilsons economic policy which required getting rid of the three obstacles he felt society was currently facing- the trusts, banks, and tariffs. And before Wilson left the White House, he made sure he handled every single part of the Triple Wall of Privileges. The Progressive Era trudgedShow MoreRelatedProgressive Era vs New Deal Essay examples981 Words   |  4 PagesNew Deal vs. Progressive Era During both the Progressive era and the New Deal era, policies as well as programs were being created in an effort to assist the American public, specifically those living in poverty. Throughout the early 1900’s Roosevelt had strayed away from the typical laissez-faire policy and decided that the people would need to be guided by the government. â€Å"Wilsonian Progressivism† had also aimed at assisting the public with his â€Å"New Freedom Program† which consisted of antitrustRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesDifferent motives led to the joint proclamation. U.S. Presi- THE GENDERING OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEMS OF LAW †¢ 157 dent Franklin Roosevelt proclaimed the â€Å"four human freedoms† as key wartime principles to mobilize American public opinion in favor of the Allied cause before the U.S. involvement in the war. For Roosevelt, human rights principles were used to oppose all forms of totalitarianism, whether of the Right (fascism) or of the Left (communism). 30. Found in Burgers

Recommander - French Verb Conjugations

International Market And Trade Research - 1486 Words

International market and trade research is beyond the capabilities and needs of Irish based firms. This paper will discuss the most salient points surrounding the claim â€Å"International Market and Trade Research is beyond the capabilities and needs of Irish based firms† This will be done by briefly examining the issue, before addressing why this is the case, and then supporting the position with relevant examples. Before evaluating the claim further, the language and phrases used within must be clarified. What is market research? From ESOMAR, a leading market research firm: Market research, which includes social and opinion research, is the systematic gathering and interpretation of information about individuals or organisations using†¦show more content†¦Researching right kind of market into which to expand is important for a number of reasons. Papadopoulos and Denis (1988) explain: Firstly, it can determine the relative success or failure of the new business venture, particularly if this is the first time a firm is expanding internationally. Secondly, target market selection can influence the development and the type of external marketing done. Third, the geography and local environment of the new markets may affect the firm s potential to further expand and co-ordinate its foreign operations; and, (d) establishing bases at appropriate foreign markets can be a key ingredient in the firm s global competitive positioning strategy Although undertaking such vital research seems almost like basic common sense, examples of firms making embarrassing and costly mistakes in international business are so numerous that one Professor has written several books detailing them all. He explains, The foreign environment has been especially difï ¬ cultfor some to analyze. Many mistakes, for example, havebeen made because managers have failed to rememberthat consumers differ from country to country. Buyers,inï ¬â€šuenced by local economic constraints and by local values, attitudes, and tastes, differ in what they buy, why they buy, how they buy, when they buy, and wherethey buy. Managers who have failed to recognize thesedifferences

Business Research Marketing Strategies

Question: Discuss about the Business Research Marketing Strategies. Answer: Introduction The research study deals with a business proposal for opening an organisation named Green Juice in the top urban areas of Pakistan. The business will be quite similar to the Top Juice organisation in Australia. The whole concept of this business is quite new in the country. Therefore, the competitions in the market are even less(Allen and Imrie, 2010). The outlets and shops will buy natural products and fresh vegetables from different markets from all over Pakistan on a regular basis so that, green salads or the juices, which are served in the shops, are freshly prepared and are of good quality. The customers who will give pre-orders or special orders will also get their orders in their requested time, which can be different from the general shop timings. The initial plan is to set up at least three outlets. The outlets will serve not only green salads and juices but also other organic food products. The menu of the business will be slowly extended depending on the demand of the cust omer. The initialtask of the business is to strengthen their brand power and then to expand the business slowly. Before setting up of the business, some of the research questions to be answered are: 1. What is the appropriate time to set up a business like this? 2. What is the concept and perception of the individuals about a juice and salad shop? 3. What are the opportunities for the organisation? 4. What are the techniques that will be used to expand the business in a short period? 5. What are the innovations that must be adopted to improve the quality and taste of the products? Research Methodology To deal with this research problem both quantitative and descriptive method of research is required. The descriptive method will reflect the perception of the target population about the products and services they are planning to market. The quantitative research will calculate the data collected with the help of appropriate statistical tools to give conclusions (Krishnaswamy and Satyaprasad, 2010). These conclusions will serve as a guideline for the management to set up the business. The business will be set up on such grounds that it will procure more customers. Research Process The schematic diagram of how the research process proceeds through the weeks are given in the Gantt chart. In the initial few weeks, the background of the research problem is studied. Notes and reviews from different sources are speculated. The mainstream work on the business proposal starts with the literature review. The data is collected from the target population to know about the market for the business. These data are analysed to get the conclusions about how and what are the prospect of the business if it is set up in the location. Gantt Chart The Gantt chart gives the sketch of the whole research process. It gives the timetable of how the research problem will be addressed. The following Gantt chart shows how the research will be completed within 14 weeks. Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 Read Literature Literature review due Data collection and analysis due Final Business Research (Capstone) Thesis Writes notes Write reviews Write survey Data collection Analysis Write thesis Literature Review This study of the literature will explore the feasibility or business opportunity before introducing new Juice shop named Green Juice in urban areas of Pakistan. The ultimate fortune of the business completely depends on the level of acceptance of target consumers. Additionally, cultural perspective of consumers is also an importance aspect of the literature because orthodox religion/culture of Pakistan may not be familiar with Juice habits. However, Juices are often consumed for their perceived health benefits. Therefore, the consumer patterns of Pakistan need to be incorporated in the study of the research. Secondly, the literature needs to be highlighted the availability of the similar products existence in the urban market of the nation. The comparative study between fruit juice brands and other alternatives product market such as health drinks or soft drinks shall be examined for better understanding the new market requirement of the nation. The possibility of the growth opportu nity of Green Juice is indirectly depends on failures of the demand of the other existing similar products in the market. Therefore, the researcher shall explore consumer pattern and make a competitive study before taking initiatives to start venturing juice business in urban areas of Pakistan. The organisation Green Juice is based on the view of the organisation named Top Juice, which is in Australia. It is one of the well-established juice shop in Australia. It is a fast food chain whose serves only organic products. They are specialised in making smoothies, yoghurts, premium juices and salads and other range of products, which are made from fresh and natural ingredients(Raulio, et al., 2010). The growth of Top Juice is quite smooth over the recent few years, it has grown to be among the 12 top juice shops and in 2013, and the franchise claims that they have high demand in the market. As per previous research, it can be said that to set up organisations many aspects are to be kept in mind. Before setting up the organisation, it must be thoroughly inspected that what are the prospect or the opportunities for the company to flourish in that location (Barringer and Ireland, 2010). They should know about the target population and problems they can face due to the external working environment. To reach their products to the masses, a strong marketing strategy must be developed. They should use modern technologies to advertise their brand. Brand power is very useful expand a certain business. A good reputation of a brand always attract more customers and when new products are launched, the marketing of those products become easier as the organisation has already built a trust in their customers mind. In recent years, the awareness about healthy food habits and its benefits has increased. Market research shows that there is a shift of food habits from junk foods to organ ic foods(Derbyshire et al., 2010). It is also important to find out that the location where the organisation is set up. For example, if organisations like KFC or Dominos is set up in rural areas, then it is not expected to bring the any business because the financial status of the rural population is not good to afford food from these shops(Bellairs, 2010). Before venturing into the business, the plan must be ready. It should have a steady flow of finance to set up the business. To set up a store, to employ workers, to buy raw materials and all the other accessories finance is very important. So before setting up the whole business planstrong financial source is to be build. The business plan includes many points. It decides where the organisation should be set up, the number of employees to be hired, the way the raw materials will be procured, the budget for the different sections of the business. As per previous research, it is found out that it is very important to have strong advertising section so that the knowledge about their range of products is conveyed to the target customers. To attract more customers, the special offers are given. The organisation must give offers according to the different section of the customers(Lynch, 2010). This factor will appeal more to the customers. For example, if the organisation has some low price items in their menu, it will be more appealing to students or the poor section of the society. In this research study, the organisation is supposed to market fresh products. To expand the business and to build up the reputation in the market it is required for the organisation to serve good qualities of products at cheap prices. The supply chain management section of the organisation must look into the fact that the vegetables and fruits that are used must be of good quality and if possible the raw materials must be procured on a daily basis. To ensure smooth flow of the raw materials, the supply of raw materials should be obtained from the nearest market where the best quality of products isavailable(Stoner and Wankel, 2010). The quality of the raw materials should not be compromised. It is also found that authentic cuisines are not always appealing to the customers. At times, the customers like products with the traditional blends(Karantininis, Sauer and Furtan, 2010). So even if the salads and juices are simple food items but at times it may have a blunt taste. The menu should be blended in such a way that the items have innovations and create the products that can tingle the taste buds(Lata and Bhatia, 2010). From market research, it can be said that another marketing to procure more customer is to regularly update the menu by adding new creative and innovative items in the menu. Furthermore, the literature needs to be focused certain economic factors related to Pakistan, because the financial feasibility research is another significant perspective of the business. Here the countrys rate of inflation and the barriers of the market like imposition of tariff or non-tariff structures will be incorporated in the research segment. Consumption pattern of juice in Pakistan: The changing life style and up surging health consciousness among consumers are largely impacts on food habits of the urban people. Today, markets are flooded with variety of fruit juices in metropolitan cities of Pakistan. Dynamic Research Consultants, a market research agency operating in Pakistan yielded a comparative analysis between genders and two primary age groups-one among young adults who are aged between 16-22 years and the other - mature adults who are aged 23 years and above. This has been evaluated of the survey results regarding the consumers choicesthat diversity ofpattern of consumption that exists across the two distinctage-groups andgenders. In the survey,tea considered as the most favourite drink, with comparatively higher consumption among mature adults. Drinks which are generally considered as healthy like juices and milk based liquids are more popular among the participants of female of the survey results. According to the food journal of Pakistan,the nation is recently producing thirty eight units of the juices where major participants areIndustries of Mitchells Fruits and Benz and Nestle Pakistan Ltd (Razaet al. 2013). One of the major contributors towards the augmented consumption of this drink is the growing consciousness regarding health and fitness, particularly among the affluent class. Various scientific studies have also approved that the present affected by antioxidantsneeds to take fruits juices for lowering peoples risks of growing Alzheimers epidemic (Baig and Amjad 2014). The fruit juice units are mainly being operated in diverse locations like Karachi, Lahore, Sargodha, Bahawalpur, Hattar and Loralai. Therefore the changing lifestyle towards the healthy diet and consumptions of healthy vitamins and minerals through the juices has accepted the large culture of Pakistan. Based on the above literature, it can be concluded that the major strength of this upcoming business would be the availability of fresh raw materials. Pakistan is enriched with full of varieties of fruits which are not required to import from other countries. Therefore, the availability of raw materials can ensure the smooth flow of juice production in the companies like Green Juice. However, here two hypotheses can be developed: The beverage manufacturers do get different fruits at low costs The beverage manufacturers do not get fruits at comparatively law costs Export facility of juice market: Pakistan is favourable place for the production of variety of fruits such as pears, plums, cherries,apples are grown in cool weather, and grapes, melons, apricots, pomegranates are those kind of fruits which are cultivated in the warm temperate.Fruits like dates, guava, mangoes, bananas and citrus fruits, which are available throughout the year, grow in the tropical and sub-tropical climate (Syed et al. 2013).In Pakistan, average production of fruits is estimated approximately six crores eleven lakhs million tons annually whereas the export figure is 723 tonnes in the fiscal year of 2012-13 (Abidet al. 2013). The exports of different fruits were calculated at 114 million US dollars in the period of 2006-07. This figure is gradually increased by 358 million in the period of 2010-13. Pakistan exports fruits to countries like Afghanistan, India, Russian Federation, UAE, Germany and UK. The exported fruits are kinno, apple, dates and oranges mango. Dubai is the biggest market for mangos of Pakistan, followed by United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia. For Pakistani dried dates India is the only biggest market. Substantial quantities of fruit juices, from Pakistan are mainly exported to Afghanistan, India and Middle East countries. Pakistan exports frozen orange juice to Netherlands, Thailand, Bangladesh, India, Italy, UAE, and Sri Lanka. However, steady upsurge in prices of sugar and cost of packaging at the stages of international business, exporters of Pakistan find it difficult to contend with others (Khan and Haroon2015). This may be considered one of the weaknesses of the research. But despite the above difficulties, some major units have successfully maintained to export their products in foreign market at economical price rate. The above literature clearly indicates that increased governments participation in export of fruit juices unfolds new business opportunities and ensures greater profitability in the long run. However, the domestic rising demands for fruit juices in the urban areas of Pakistan increases the fruits demand for larger units production. The nation also imports fruits from other part of the world. Countries like India, Bangladesh, China are already engaged in the import fruit business. This could increase the price of packaged, canned fruit juices which are marketed through the departmental stores of Pakistan. Based on this study, the researcher can develop two hypotheses: Export of fruit juices will economically beneficial Export of fruit juices will not economically beneficial Juices impacts on health and acceptance in urban areas of Pakistan: The market of juice in Pakistan grew by 15 per cent in off trade current value in sales in the year of 2015. The main driving factors behind this growth is included shifting food patterns of carbonates to juice because of health concerns and the more adoption of the low end brands in the urban areas of Pakistan. Per capital consumption of juices evaluated healthy growth over the previous few years whereas carbonated beverages gained ensured less growth in Pakistan beverage market (Akhtar et al. 2013). Consumers are aware of the fact that drinking fruit juices improve blood lipid profiles in people affected with hypercholesterolemia (Liu et al. 2013). However, the main manufacturers of fruit juices like Nestle Pakistan Limited and industries of Mitchells Fruits and Benz are hardly taking sugar content issues in their packaged fruit juices. Therefore there is a huge market opportunity to introduce new products such as guava fruit juices or Plum fruit juice for the diabetic people. This has been found in the medical journal that these fruits are controlled the level of insulin of the diabetic patients. More favourably, the soft drinks are being replaced by juices because this are free from high fructose corn syrup and contains only natural sugar. Manufacturers are nowadays innovated ranges of juices keeping in mind of usage full of vitamins and minerals ingredients which are being tagged as organic or premium for generating more consumer responses. This piece of literature is giving the outline that urban people of Pakistan are aware of the fact that fruit juices are medically helped the bodys digestive system. There is a full of acceptance of fruit juices over the soft drinks which ensured that Green juice can explore the market for introducing new ranges of fruit drinks ensuring the level of sugar contents into their final products. Based on the research the researcher can develop two hypotheses: Fruit juice is good for health Fruit juice does not provide any health benefits Regulatory framework regarding the fruit processing in Pakistan It is completely necessary for Green juice before starting the juice manufacturing business in Pakistan, to know their regulatory framework and requirements of the market. For commercial purpose the authority needs to specify differences in quality along with assurance of correct labelling. The government of Pakistan has found that majority of fruit juice products are diluted with other low costs juices, organic acids and water (Riaz and Jansen 2012). This unlabelled dilution and practices of adulteration are generally common in the fruit processing market in Pakistan. Trade and policies of pricing displayed that the fruit-growers of Pakistan were marginally non-protected. Hence, there are a potential amount of possibilities of substantial gains from open trade offered the infrastructure related to WTO requirements is developed in the country on priority basis (Baig and Amjad 2014). This is a positive fact that the producers of fruits are economically potential from social point of v iew. This indicates that effective incentives for orchard production would substantially increase with the freeing up of trade and removing distortions in the local urban areas of Pakistan. Therefore, the manufacturers of fruit juices and beverages get the best quality raw material for their juice production. Additionally, the Fruit Juices Acts has been ensured nutritious contents of beverages and can play a significant role in the healthy diet. For domestic production of fruits, the domestic manufacturers get the flexibility of production of fruits but the only concern is the provision of necessary infrastructure required for global trade in the perspective of WTO. The government of Pakistan reduced their tariff rate for exporting Sindhri and Chaunsa mangos which are largely produced in Pakistan. Therefore, Green juice have a great opportunity for exporting packaged mango juices in the countries like Japan, Indonesia, Thailand and Sri Lanka for free trade legislative rules of the n ation under the WTO regulation. Overall, this can be concluded that regulatory framework for juice productions is encouraging for making international business in the global field. Based on the literature, the researchers can develop the hypotheses as follows: Trade barrier impacts on fruit business in Pakistan Trade barrier does not impacts on fruit business in Pakistan Gap of Literature: In the previous research studies, the researchers were not evaluated the scope of organic fruit production in Pakistan which is high demand in the global world because of health concerns. This may be a better alternative of conventional fruit juices and product will be high. However, this is entirely a new concept of fruit production system in Pakistan. Consumers demand for organically produced increasing due to emerged awareness of health and environmental implications of growing fruit using traditional methods. Here the research will explore this gap of feasibility of organic fruit production in Pakistan which will increase the variety of juices and level of satisfaction of consumers in the urban areas of the nation. This literature study reviews the business opportunity of fruit juices in Pakistan. Here the four concerning parts have been chosen for analysing the feasibility of the proposed business growth which are suitable of the urban areas of the nation. Firstly, the consumption patterns in Pakistan have been evaluated for understanding the better changing lifestyles and target customers of Pakistan. This is justifiable subject of the research because consumer preferences in key success parameter of the business proposal. Secondly, the export feasibility research has been done for analyzing the opportunities of exportation of fruit juices. In third topic, the researcher has discussed the important health factors related to fruit business because consumers changing healthy fruit habits is emerging factor of fruit business growth in the urban area of Pakistan. Lastly, the regulatory framework for production of fruit business along with the agricultural of fruit production is being discussed. T his research evaluated that the nation is favoured with high quality fresh fruits availability which is high demand in the global market business. Data Collection and Analysis Methods To know the concept of the target population about such a food shop, questionnaires must be circulated among a different section of the society. It is important to get the data from the different sections so that they can be assessed separately (Zikmund, 2010). The questionnaires must contain questions related that will reflect the awareness of the samples about healthy food habits, how much they are interested in visiting such a shop, what are the preferences of the customers, how they would like to get their food served and others (Manniche and Testa, 2010). The answers to these questions must be taken on 5 points Likert scale. For the analysis of these questionnaires, appropriate statistical tools are applied. The analysis will give conclusions for the different research questions that are proposed. Expected research outcomes As awareness of healthy food habits is spreading among the masses, it is expected that the opening of Green Juices in Pakistan will be quite popular. Promotion and awareness campaigns may be held up in the particular location where the outlets are planned so that the citizens over there comes to know about the products they serve and how beneficial those products are for their health. The media in Pakistan is quite active to point out how unhygienic and unhealthy the fast food joints are in the nation. They have successfully covered and highlighted that unhygienic portion of the food industry. So, if the Green Juice enters the food industry, it is hoped that the media will advertise the freshness and the healthiness of the food items it will serve. Moreover, in Pakistan there is a wide seasonal range of fruits and vegetables. This can be used by the organisation to market seasonal delights to its customers. The organisation will be profitable if it is opened in big cities like Islama bad, Lahore where the level of income is high, people are educated about the benefits of natural products. The food items can be blended according to the taste buds of the customers because at time salads or juices can be blunt and simple to procure customers. Conclusion and Future Work: Knowing the fact that a new juice shop in Pakistan can be a very profitable business, however, there are associated risks that a new established firm may face. The financial resources that are needed to start and run a business can be extensive. One may have to commit most of their savings and sometimes a person may even go into debt for saving and investing the saved amount to begin with their business. Unfortunately, if things do not go well, the person who has invested the huge amount may suffer a loss and additionally there may be no guarantee for the recovery of the lost amount. This may lead to stress and most of the times it is seen that people suffer from depression due to the financial risks associated in a new business (Stoner and Wankel 2010). Additionally, starting a new business can be very time consuming and people may not get sufficient time to spend with their families. This is specific in the case of a Juice Shop, which is primarily very time consuming, and it requir es a lot of investment of time. Hence, time investment is of a very important factor at the time of opening a juice shop in Pakistan. As a business owner, one may have to do many undesirable activities such as firing people who are not performing well at their workplace (Lynch 2010). Despite of these disadvantages people who open new business are often pleased with their decision to start a new business. Establishing a new firm takes hard work, determination, research and understanding, one should evaluate their strengths and weakness and personal goals to understand if business ownership is made for the concerned person or not. Hence, it is recommended for the person who wants a start a new business to ensure that the kind of business they are starting is suitable for the existing market conditions or not (Manniche and Testa 2010). Secondly, the person should also consider that the business he is starting is similar to the business that others have started or not. The business idea should be revised and seen whether the accommodation of such business idea is feasible or not. Making a business plan is a very helpful tool as it helps in the identification and explanation of how the targets can be achieved. Hence, a business plan acts as a blue print for the propos ed company. Planning and preparing a business idea is a vital step in the establishment of business. A good business idea helps in satisfying the needs of the customers (Zikmund 2010). The aim of starting of new business is to satisfy the customers and if this aim cannot be fulfilled then the whole idea of establishing a business fails. Such kind of thought process should be avoided and the business owners should focus on planning their business in such a way that it helps in customer satisfaction. The person who has invested his time, energy and money in starting up a new business should carefully understand the risks associated with the establishment of the new firm and proceed with it accordingly depending on the infrastructural costs and the demand for the product in the market. Considering the orthodox nature of Pakistan, it is important in this context to understand the implications that may lead to the formation and establishment of business in Pakistan. References Allen, C. and Imrie, R. (2010). The knowledge business. Farnham: Ashgate. Barringer, B. and Ireland, R. (2010). Entrepreneurship. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Bellairs, (2010). Open Innovation Gaining Momentum in the Food Industry. CFW. Derbyshire, E., Brennan, C., Li, W. and Bokhari, F. (2010). Iron deficiency - is there a role for the food industry?.International Journal of Food Science Technology, 45(12), pp.2443-2448. Karantininis, K., Sauer, J. and Furtan, W. (2010). Innovation and integration in the agri-food industry. Food Policy, 35(2), pp.112-120. Krishnaswamy, O. and Satyaprasad, B. (2010). Business research methods. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Lata, M. and Bhatia, A. (2010). Impact of food and nutrient intakes and lifestyle habits on the healthy aging of elderly population of Rajasthan (India). Journal of Men's Health, 7(3), p.328. Lynch, M. (2010). Healthy Habits or Damaging Diets: An Exploratory Study of a Food Blogging Community. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 49(4), pp.316-335. Manniche, J. and Testa, S. (2010). Knowledge Bases in Worlds of Production: The Case of the Food Industry. Industry Innovation, 17(3), pp.263-284. Raulio, S., Roos, E. and Prttl, R. (2010). School and workplace meals promote healthy food habits. Public Health Nutr., 13(6A), pp.987-992. Stoner, J. and Wankel, C. (2010). Global sustainability as a business imperative. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Zikmund, W. (2010). Business research methods. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.

US Military Spending

Table of Contents Introduction Background Ethical argument on military spending Evidence based on figures Counter argument Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Is the huge spending in the U.S military ethical and warranted? The justification of an act is based on whether or not the act in question adheres to the moral laws and the common good of all the concerned parties.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on US Military Spending specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The doctrine of military justice and the just war theory dictates that military spending and acts should not only safeguard the common good but rather enhance societal wellbeing, ethos and values of all interested parties. U.S military spending is ethical and fully justified since it aims to enforce law and order by ensuring that the military forces are well equipped to safeguard the common good of citizens. Military spending has in the recent past been a cr itical issue to most governments. Economic scholars argue that a lot of money is invested into the military to make it look more important than other key sectors of the economies of many states. The general view of the citizens of the U.S. is that a lot of funds need to be channelled to other sectors of the economy such as education, research, health care and clean energy. In this study, we shall evaluate the impact of spending on the military as measured against other sectors of the economy of the U.S. Background The United States government has over the years increased its national security budget even when it does not seem to have any external threats from its neighbours. Its military spending is equal to no other country with economic figures showing that the spending on its military by the U.S. is half of the total spent on national security around the world. Ethical argument on military spending The U.S. government is said to have spent 689 billion on military budget in the ye ar 2010(Lamothe, 45). The mentioned figure has been on the rise for the last 7 years. The figure rose marginally in the year 2001. Other countries also respond to security threats in the same manner as the U.S when faced with situations of insecurity to their well being. It is worth noting that every other state can also be faced with threats to its security but the manner in which the national budget of every country is harmonized to meet security challenges is what is most important.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Evidence based on figures The U.S military budget may seem insignificant since it is around 4.9 percent of the country’s GDP (Thompson, 26). Compared to other countries, the U.S. may seem to be using less than what it earlier spent on the â€Å"hot and cold war† times. However, by absolute standards, these are huge amounts since they constitute 5000 dollars per family. Compared to expenses on others sectors of the economy, the federal government expenditures in 2004 were 14billion for energy, 1.8billion for transit and railroad networks and 4.7billion for recreation and culture. There is an argument by the U.S. government that military spending offers stable, decent and well paying jobs to many. This gives rise to the view that military spending is a major pillar of the U.S. economy. However, research shows that other sectors that do not receive the same funding from the budget seem to provide similar and at times better opportunities for job creation. One way of scrutinizing the size of U.S. military expenditure is by comparing it with other countries (Bender, 34). Counter argument The U.S. does not have bigger security threats than other countries to justify its huge spending on its military as compared to countries like Israel, India and China. The military budget of the U.S is normally considered to be wasteful as there are other sectors of the U.S national economy that need to be adequately funded like health, education and housing. At a time when the economy of the U.S is undergoing recession, there is need to channel funds to more productive sectors of the economy. The U.S. has not been invaded directly by any country since the Nineteenth Century. This fact shows that the U.S. has only been â€Å"picking fights† with other countries and invading countries that are not at war with it in the role of restoring peace in the said countries. Economists tend to object such policies by the U.S. government hence preferring that the government would spend more money on other sectors of the economy. One good scenario that explains how some people viewed the military was during Clinton’s administration. U.S. citizens were happy that during Clinton’s administration, the U.S. did not engage in war. It is evident that the U.S. undertakes these wars by choice due to the fact that it has a huge milita ry presence (Barber, 23). It is also clear that countries without military capability cannot embark on such undertakings of â€Å"wars of choice† whose purposes evolve, as in Iraq, from disassembling wars of mass destruction, fighting terrorists and promoting democracy (Miles, 10).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on US Military Spending specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion The U.S has in the past been viewed as promoting conflict rather than stopping it. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are major cases in point in demonstrating this fact. President Bush Jr. was warned by the U.N Security Council against invading Iraq but he ignored the advice of the council and directed the U.S. military to attack Iraq. The U.S military invasion of Iraq is seen by many people in the world and especially the citizens of the U.S. as having contributed immensely to the economic recession of the U.S. that has persisted fo r many years. The war in Afghanistan as another case in point also serves to indicate that a lot of money was wasted in funding the war which seemed to have no direct significance to the U.S. The U.S military budget was constrained as the soldiers had to be paid high allowances on their salaries among other expenses. The military equipment was also costly to maintain for the U.S government taking into account the number of years the U.S military stayed in Afghanistan. Works Cited Barber, Barrie. â€Å"Military looking for more tech-savvy recruits.† Springfield News-Sun 11 March. 2012:13.Print. Bender, Bryan.†Gates calls for build up in troops†. The Boston Globe. Retrieved:8.Print. Lamothe, Dan. â€Å"Corps ends year with 203,000 active Marines†. Marine Corps Times. Gannett Company16 October. 2009:12. Print. Miles, Donna. â€Å"Review to Consider Consequences of Budget Cuts.† American Forces Press Service 21 April. 2011:19.Print.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thompson, Loren. â€Å"How to Waste $100 Billion: Weapons That Didn’t Work Out.† Forbes Magazine 19 December. 2011:23.Print. This essay on US Military Spending was written and submitted by user Kelsie V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Analysis of Just in time production methods The WritePass Journal

Analysis of Just in time production methods Introduction Analysis of Just in time production methods IntroductionJIT is of 2 types which are:JIT ConceptKey elements in JITBenefits of JIT Manufacturing SystemDisadvantages of JIT JIT Inventory Management1. Over Production:-2. Unnecessary Inventory :-3. Waiting Times:- 4. Inefficient Transporting :-5. Unnecessary / Excess Motion 7.  Rejects Defects:-5s’s5. Sustain:-The final stage is that of Discipline often listed as Sustain or Self-discipline. Ingraining the 5Ss into the culture.  Its tough to keep a 5S effort, or any improvement effort for that matter, going. The 5Ss involve a culture change. And to achieve a culture change, it has to be ingrained into the organization by everyone at all levels in the organization.  Ã‚     (www.training-management.com accessed on 10th June 2011)JIT IIChallenges in JIT Concept1) Transportation: 2) Estimation: Operations environments in which JiT is most usefulCHANGES THAT MIGHT IMPROVE JIT IN THEORY /PRACTICE ConclusionReference:Related Introduction Just in time is a ‘pull’ system of production, so actual orders provide a signal for when a product should be manufactured. Demand-pull enables a firm to produce only what is required, in the correct quantity and at the correct time.â€Å"Just-in-time  is an inventory system where raw materials are delivered right before they are needed on the assembly line, and finished goods are manufactured just before they are shipped to customers. Just-in-time improves return on  investment  by substantially reducing overhead cost, limiting quality inspections, and eliminating obsolete inventory†. This means that stock levels of raw materials, components, work in progress and finished goods can be kept to a minimum. This requires a carefully planned scheduling and flow of resources through the production process. Modern manufacturing firms use sophisticated production scheduling software to plan production for each period of time, which includes ordering the correct stock. Information is exchanged with suppliers and customers through EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) to help ensure that every detail is correct. A more specific definition is provided by Calvasina et al. (1989):â€Å"JIT is a system of production control that seeks to minimize raw materials and WIP inventories; control (eliminate) defects; stabilize production; continuously simplify the production process; and create a flexible, multi-skilled work force.† Successful JIT implementation should accomplish two major objectives: improve quality and control the timeliness of the production and delivery of products. (Davy;  Monden  and  Walleigh). (Sciencedirect.com, Accessed on 13th May 2011) JIT is of 2 types which are: JIT production: This where the production of the goods is  started  only when the customer places the order. In this method there will not be finished good stocks but there will be raw material stocks as the purchasing is carried out in  normal  way. JIT purchasing: This goes one step beyond the JIT production where the purchasing of raw materials for  production  is also carried out once the order is placed by the customer eliminating raw material stocks. tutebox.com/business/management/just-in-time-concept/ JIT Concept JIT is a process aimed at increasing value-added and eliminating waste by providing the environment to perfect and simplify the process.JIT in time concept was initiated in Japan making the Toyota as its master piece. JIT is system whether company starts manufacturing/purchasing once the customer orders the good effectively making zero inventories. In other words, in a JIT environment materials are purchased and produced as and when it is needed. The whole idea is based on the phrase provide the goods just in time as promised when the order is placed by the customer. The opposite of the JIT production is known as JIC (Just in case) system where it produces goods for inventory with the intention of having goods just in case a customer places a  immediate  order. The whole concept of the JIT is  differentiated  from traditional productions systems using push vs pull systems of production. The push system of production pushes materials to the next stage of the production irrespective of whether time and resources are needed at the next level of production creating lot of inventories at each level of the production flow. The traditional manufacturing organizations adopt push system where they produce for inventory and work in progress. The pull system of production is where the materials are pulled by next level of the production only when is signaled or required by the next stage of production. This drastically reduces the inventory held as it does not keep any work in progress. JIT concept is built based on the concept of pull production which eliminates the total inventory. Source: Kaluarachchi, 2009) Kanban: kanban is a Japanese word which means cards and information will be indicated in that card. Usually information includes serial no. of product identification, the quantity, the required operation and place of enquiry. Kanbans allow to link different production process together (Jarvis, podolsky.s, cheng.t.c.e, 1996). Key elements in JIT One problem with JIT is that it only works well in certain types of organization. The most successful users of JIT are currently car assembly plants, which make large numbers of similar products in a continuous process. You can see why this is, from the following arguments. Every time there are changes to a process, or it switches from making one product to making another, there are delays, disruptions and costs. JIT says that these change waste resources and should be eliminated. The level of production must allow a smooth and continuous flow of products through the process. Each part of the process should be fully utilized, so the process is likely to be a well-balanced assembly line. Deliveries of materials are made directly to the assembly line at just time they are needed. Suppliers must be able to adapt to this kind of operation. Lead times must be short or the delay in answering a request for materials becomes too long. This means working closely with the suppliers and even having hem build facilities that are physically close. As there are no stocks to give safety cover, any defects in materials would disrupt production. Suppliers must, therefore If something goes wrong, people working on the process must be able to find the cause, take the action needed to correct the fault, and make sure that it does not happen again. This needs a skilled and flexible workforce that is committed to the success of the organization. (source:- Donald Waters ( 2002) p.461) Benefits of JIT Manufacturing System The main benefits of JIT have been well famous within the literature. A carefully planned implementation of JIT can directly provide increased teamwork and employee involvement, as the organization works together to find areas of waste to target and work out ways to reduce waste in that area (Slack, Chambers, Johnston, 2007). This results in a simplification of the inventory management system, as well as business processes involved in inventory management. Supplier relationships and data regarding the business are used to identify specific areas where inventory improvements are required. Lower stock holding means a reduction in storage space which saves rent and insurance costs Areas previously used, to store inventories can be used for other more productive uses. As stock is only obtained when it is needed, less working capital is tied up in stock. Funds that were tied up in inventories can be used elsewhere. Throughput time is reduced, resulting in greater potential output and quicker response to customers. There is less likelihood of stock perishing, becoming obsolete or out of date Avoids the build-up of unsold finished product that can occur with sudden changes in demand. Defect rates are reduced, resulting in less waste and greater customer satisfaction. Less time is spent on checking and re-working the product of others as the emphasis is on getting the work right first time. (Source: www.ritalogisticsblog.wordpress.com/2010/04/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-just-in-time-jit-manufacturing-and-inventory-control-system/ (Accessed on 9th May 2011))   Disadvantages of JIT JIT has many strong points, there are weaknesses as well. In just-in-time, everything is very interdependent. Everyone relies on everybody else (Greenberg, 2002). Because of this strong interdependence with JIT, a weakness in the supply chain caused by a JIT weakness can be very costly to all linked in the chain. JIT processes can be risky to certain businesses and vulnerable to the supply chain in situations such as labour strikes, interrupted supply lines, market demand fluctuations, stock outs, lack of communication upstream and downstream in the supply chain and unforeseen production interruptions. Weakness of Just in time is a high danger plan because scheduling work is short period and the inventory degrees are kept to a minimal degree. In total quality of product is key issue with Just in Time conception. There is little room for mistakes as minimal stock is kept for re-working faulty product Production is very reliant on suppliers and if stock is not delivered on time, the whole production schedule can be delayed There is no spare finished product available to meet unexpected orders, because all product is made to meet actual orders – however, JIT is a very responsive method of production. The key characteristics of JiT 1 The main characteristic of Just – In – Time 1 is to reduce the inventory and the benefits while reducing the inventories. The purpose of Just – In – Time (JIT) is for organizations, aiming to minimize their inventory, to have material that is provided when required for use, minimizing any physical stock that is stored. JIT is not without its challenges, overproduction or procurement of excess material can conceal manufacturing issues or compensate for demand variability and these issues need to be resolved for Just in time inventory to be successful. Just – In – Time (JIT) works in the three types of inventories: 1) Raw Materials: Inventories provide insurance in case suppliers are late with deliveries. 2) Work in process: Inventories are maintained in case a work station is unable to operate due to a breakdown or other reason. 3) Finished Goods: Inventories are maintained to accommodate unexpected fluctuations in demand. JIT Inventory Management Justs: Just-in-time inventory management is used by Toyota Manufacturing as its inventory management system. The basic principle of JIT is â€Å"lean manufacturing† or reduction of inventory. Unlike the traditional accounting notion that considers inventory as adding and storing value, JIT considers inventory as waste and incurring costs. Lean Manufacturing:-Identification and elimination of waste is the central theme of a lean manufacturing production system. Lean manufacturing is a dynamic and constantly improving process dependent upon understanding and involvement by all employees. Successful implementation requires that all employees must be trained to identify and eliminate waste from their work.Waste exists in all work and at all levels in the organization. Seven Types of Waste are:- 1. Over Production:- Producing more than needed and producing faster than needed. Overproduction is to manufacture an item before it is actually required.   Overproduction is highly costly to a manufacturing plant because it prohibits the smooth flow of materials and actually degrades quality and productivity. The Toyota Production System is also referred to as â€Å"Just in Time† (JIT) because every item is made just as it is needed. Overproduction manufacturing is referred to as â€Å"Just in Case.† This creates excessive lead times, results in high storage costs, and makes it difficult to detect defects. The simple solution to overproduction is turning off the tap; this requires a lot of courage because the problems that overproduction is hiding will be revealed. The concept is to schedule and produce only what can be immediately sold/shipped and improve machine changeover/set-up capability. Over-production results in higher costs for storage,   Lack of Communication,   Local Optimization, Automation in the Wrong Places,   Cost Accounting Practices and Lack of Stable/Consistent Schedules excessive lead times, and it makes detecting the defects quite difficult. The solution for over-production is to stop producing materials and only produce what can be immediately sold or shipped. Poor information flow is another reason that over-production occurs, hence why communication is so important in the  lean manufacturing process. 2. Unnecessary Inventory :- Work in Progress (WIP) is a direct result of overproduction and waiting. Having excessive inventory will lead to increased lead times, limited floor space, and poor communication. Too much inventory often masks problems from other areas as well. Generally an arrival of inventory can be traced to poor communication and batch processing. By achieving a unspoiled flow between work centres, many manufacturers have been able to improve customer service and slash inventories and their associated costs. 3. Waiting Times:- Whenever goods are not moving or being processed, the waste of waiting occurs. Delay refers to the waste of goods that are not moving. As you already may be aware, much of a products life is spent waiting for the next phase. The reason this is considered a waste is because the good should never be waiting. If they are waiting it is due to poor material flow, long production runs, and distances between work centres are too great. Goldratt (Theory of Constraints) has stated many times that one hour lost in a bottleneck process is one hour lost to the entire factory’s output, which can never be recovered. Linking processes together so that one feeds directly into the next can dramatically reduce waiting. (source: www.emsstrategies.com) 4. Inefficient Transporting :- Moving your product from one location adds no value to your product. Many products are damaged or lost, casing a waste of money. Transporting also requires the use of material handlers, and this also adds no value to the product. This is one waste that is difficult to reduce or eliminate. Material handlers must be used to transport the materials,  resulting in another organizational cost that adds no customer value. Transportation can be difficult to reduce due to the perceived costs of moving equipment and processes closer together. Furthermore, it is often hard to determine which processes should be next to each other. Mapping the flow of your product may be one way you can gain a greater understanding of the transportation phase and learn how to reduce the costs. 5. Unnecessary / Excess Motion This waste is related to ergonomics and is seen in all instances of bending, stretching, walking, lifting, and reaching. These are also health and safety issues, Often the motion is not due to the employees behaviour, but the machine they are operating may be manufactured poorly and the employee is unable to turn a knob (or something similar) without using poor ergonomics. This waste leads to health and safety issues, which obviously lead to bigger problems in today’s controversial society. Causes for excess motion is Equipment, Office Plant Layout, Lack of 5 S’s, Lack of Visual Controls, Inconsistent Work Methods (Standardized Work), Large Batch Sizes. 6. Inappropriate Processing:- Several companies purchase high precision equipment to do a simple job. High precision equipment often leads to over-production of goods. This can also encompass using the wrong suppliers or the wrong process to do a job. The causes of processing waste is Engineering Changes Without Processing Changes, Decision Making at Inappropriate Levels, Inefficient Policies and Procedures, Lack of Customer Input Concerning Requirements.Toyota is famous for their use of low-cost automation, combined with immaculately maintained, often older machines. Investing in smaller, more flexible equipment where possible; creating manufacturing cells; and combining steps will greatly reduce the waste of inappropriate processing. 7.  Rejects Defects:- Defects in the manufacturing process are a tremendous cost to a company. Any small defect directly impacts your bottom line and effects inventory, scheduling, inspection, and other factors. In many organizations the total cost of defects is often a significant percentage of total manufacturing cost. Through employee involvement and Continuous Process Improvement (CPI), there is a huge opportunity to reduce defects at many facilities. 5s’s 5S efforts almost always improve workplace safety, operator morale, quality, and throughput. A workplace organization tool/process that maximizes the cleanliness, organization, and safety of all elements in a working environment. 5S supports a smooth production process in various ways. Searching for tools is eliminated, flow principles are applied, and tools storage is done where they are needed most. Location indicators visualise how things have been organised, and non conformities are seen at once. The 5S method improves employees ownership and leads to substantial quality improvement, cost reduction as well as product and process safety The individual items within 5S are known as the pillars and are: 1. Sort: Clearing the work area.  Any work area should only have the items needed to perform the work in the area. All other items should be cleared (sorted out) from the work area.   It has been variously anglicised as Sort, Systematisation or Simplify by those wishing to retain the S as the initial letter of each element. It is the series of steps by which we identify things which are being held in the workplace when they shouldnt, or are being held in the wrong place. Put simply, we may identify a large area devoted to tools or gauges, some of which are needed regularly and some used infrequently. This brings all sorts of problems, including: Operators unable to find the item they need, being unable to see wood for trees. The time spent searching is a waste and if we only held the items needed regularly in a prominent position we would save time. Quality issues when gauges are not calibrated on time because too many are held. Safety issues when people fall over things. Lockers and racking cluttering the workplace making it hard to move around or to see each other and communicate. (www.training-management.com accessed on 10th June 2011) 2. Set: Designating locations.  Everything in the work area should have a place and everything should be in its place. Set is the series of steps by which the most favourable organisation identified in the first pillar are put into place. The standard translation is Orderliness but again some wish to keep the initial S and use Sort Set in order, Straighten and Standardisation. The sorting out process is essentially a continuation of that described in the Set phase. Removing items to be discarded or held in an alternative location will create space. This space will be visible and facilitate the alternative layout of the area. 3. Shine: Cleanliness workplace appearance.  Not only should the work area be clear, it should also be clean. Cleanliness involves housekeeping efforts, improving the appearance of the work area, and even more importantly, preventive housekeeping keeping the work area from getting dirty, rather than just cleaning it up after it becomes dirty. 4. Standardize:- Everyone doing things the same way.  Everyone in the work area and in the organization must be involved in the 5S effort, creating best practices and then getting everyone to copy those best practices the same way, everywhere, and every time. Work area layouts and storage techniques should be standardized wherever possible. Standardisation includes all the elements of setting out a consistent way of doing things. This includes standard manufacturing methodologies, standard equipment and tooling, component rationalisation, drawing standardisation, consistency in the documentation which accompanies work, design for manufacture (or concurrent engineering) and standardisation in the clerical processes which deliver work to the shop floor and track its progress. 5. Sustain:-The final stage is that of Discipline often listed as Sustain or Self-discipline. Ingraining the 5Ss into the culture.  Its tough to keep a 5S effort, or any improvement effort for that matter, going. The 5Ss involve a culture change. And to achieve a culture change, it has to be ingrained into the organization by everyone at all levels in the organization.  Ã‚     (www.training-management.com accessed on 10th June 2011) JIT II JIT II is a way to improve the customer-supplier relationship. JIT II uses systems integration which allows, sharing of information so that the relationship is more like a partnership (Pragman 1996). Essentially this equals more and more visibility throughout the supply chain, which equals better responsiveness and lower costs, the two main goals of supply chain management. JIT II, a customer-supplier partnership concept pioneered at Bose Corporation and now practiced by major companies and their suppliers, can aid in cutting both design and response lead time (Pragman 1996). This is talented through systems combination, which seeks ways to improve coordination between different functional areas, as well as bridges the gap between customer and supplier. With JIT II the suppliers have a person within the customers organization full time acting as a purchasing department employee for the customer firm. JIT II has really impacted the following areas: the administration of the purchasing function, logistics, concurrent engineering and value analysis and material stores and support services. In each of these areas the lead time reductions are greater with JIT II than with conventional JIT (Pragman 1996).   The administrative benefits of JIT II are due to the fact that the supplier is constantly available in-house. JIT II reduces administrative costs for both the customer and supplier because the purchasing costs are not all on the customer and the supplier gets all the business from that specific customer as it wants as long as things go well. Because the supplier is always present JIT II permits concurrent engineering and value analysis to take place on an ongoing basis, not just during sporadic sales calls (Pragman 1996). Challenges in JIT Concept There are two major challenges faced in Just – In – Time concept, they are cultural difference, stress on workers, transportation and estimation. 1) Transportation: The main motto or aim in Just – In – Time is to reduce/ minimise the inventory. Just – In – Time follows different system, in which raw materials order is placed to the suppliers when demand increases from the customers, these raw material then delivered from the suppliers to the manufacturing plant in a right time at a right place, when the raw material is received initially assembling process take place and finally finished products are being delivered to the customer. This process is like chain flow, to have a proper flow transportation place a major role and some companies are careful to use two or more suppliers for most of their assemblies. There are several challenges which are connected in transportation. When the order is placed to the suppliers, it is their responsibility to deliver the raw material to the manufacturing plant in actual time at exact place. While transporting there are many chances of accident, for example: when the raw material is being exported from one country to another country through shipping. Delay in delivering goods because of traffic, climatic condition and crossing country borders, for example: as India is highly populated lots of time is consumed in traffic (Roadways), delay in climate condition occur while transferring goods through airways and checking of documents passing clearness for the goods travelling from one country’s border to another country this may also consume lots of time. In case, if any problem occurs in transportation the whole system is to be shut and finally resulting in loss of money,   customer’s satisfaction increase in Inventory (Stock). 2) Estimation: Most of the companies or firm suffer because of the word estimation/ prediction. In this system without any demand from the customer the manufacturing unit starts producing good and place bulk orders to the suppliers. Finally when the raw materials are converted into finishes goods there won’t be customers to purchase it this may led to increase in inventory.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And in some companies, manufacturing unit collects limited raw material and produce limited finishes good but the customer demand will be high. So these companies suffer by loosing lots of customer. In this case company suffers from two major problem one is excess of finished product which result in high inventory or stock and another problem is shortage of finished product which lead to loss of customer. How Toyota Implemented Just in Time: Challenges Faced and Results The major challenges faced by Toyota in  implementing JIT  included Multi-skilling the workforce to operate multiple machines based on work-flow patterns Redesigning every part of the vehicle to eliminate or widen tolerance since assembly lines did not have a choice of which parts to use and every part had to fit perfectly Testing and  training  suppliers of parts to assure quality and delivery in time on demand (brighthub.com, Accessed on 14th May 2011) Factories today just arent as efficient as they could be. JIT asserts that companies operate under the wrong ideas. The ideas, while logical, result in needless waste. Particularly, JIT challenges the following: As companies grow, functions tend to become specialized. Factory organization separates fabrication, assembly, shipping, and so on. But departmental production lacks synchronization. Bottlenecks form and cause large in-process inventory and long lead times. Finger pointing between departments to avoid responsibility abounds. (findarticles.com, Accessed on 14th May 2011) Produce to forecast. Forecasts, in varying degrees of sophistication, push production, in contrast to production being pulled by customers. Even the most sophisticated forecast isnt right; differences inevitably wind up in inventory. (findarticles.com, Accessed on 14th May 2011) Operations environments in which JiT is most useful The JIT philosophy has been used in the manufacturing industry for about forty to fifty years now, the system has not only increased productivity but also increased the quality of products, explorative studies have been completed in recent years to see if the JIT system can be applied to construction companies so that they can get the benefits of the system. Most of the research concluded that it can be implemented but with some modifications Pheng Hui (1998) As stated earlier JIT has proven to work well in the manufacturing sector, it is obvious why it is successful in the manufacturing sector, as it originated from a manufacturing industry. The concept Just – In – Time used in the following companies: Toyota Motor Company General Motors Ford Motor Company Harley Davidson Manufacturing Magic Hawthorne Management Consulting Dell Computers. (Source: www.accountingformanagement.com/just_in_time.htm#Just-In-Time Concept (Accessed on 10th June 2011) Just – In – Time (JIT) Used in Dell: Dell has also leveraged JIT principles to make its manufacturing process a success. Dell’s approach to JIT is different in that they leverage their suppliers to achieve the JIT goal. They are also unique in that  Dell  is able to provide exceptionally short lead times to their customers, by forcing their suppliers to carry inventory instead of carrying it themselves and then demanding (and receiving) short lead times on components so that products can be simply assembled by Dell quickly and then shipped to the customer. Important factors to Dell’s success: Dependable suppliers with the ability to meet Dell are demanding lead time requirements. A seamless system that allows Dell to transmit its component requirements so that they will arrive at Dell in time to fulfil its lead times. A willingness of suppliers to keep inventory on hand allowing Dell to be free of this responsibility. (Source: www.brighthub.com/office/project-management/articles/71540.aspx (Accessed on 10th June 2011) Just – In – Time (JIT) Used in Harley Davidson: Harley Davidson’s use of JIT is mostly characterized by its transformation in the late World War 2 era from an inefficient manufacturer that solved all of its problems with extra inventory to a nimble manufacturer able to meet demand and provide short lead times. Results of Harley Davidson’s JIT implementation: Inventory levels decreased 75%. Increased productivity. Harley Davidson’s success with the implementation of JIT had a lot to do with the fact that when JIT was put into practice, process problems could no longer be hidden by costly inventory that helped to meet ship dates. The inefficiencies in the processes were quickly identified and solved. (Source: www.brighthub.com/office/project-management/articles/71540.aspx (Accessed on 10th June 2011) Toyota, Dell and Harley Davidson’s are the successful companies/ firm which use Just – In – Time (JIT). They produce the effective products according to the customer needs and they these three companies have achieved a competitive advantage within the industries by utilizing Just – In – Process (JIT) concept. Operations environments in which JiT is most less useful The Just – In – Time (JIT) concept is used and being useful in many of the firms/Industries especially in manufacturing sectors. But there are some companies were Just – In – Time (JIT) concept cannot be adopted, like drug/medicine manufacturing companies and in the pharmaceutical  companies. Just – In –Time (JIT) is all about minimising or reducing the inventories, this concept will not be applicable in these companies.   In this case manufacturing sector cannot predict like sickness, spread of deceases, accident and natural calamities. In this field people cannot demand for the product often, then it won’t be possible for the manufacture to place order for the raw materials from suppliers, next is assembling process and finally it is impossible to deliver the finished product to the customer at the right time in the right place, mean time the person may die. In this particular sector there must be a large bulk of inventories, the process should be in a continuous flow and Just – In – Time is impossible to implement. Just – In – Time (JIT) would not necessarily improve a drug companys bottom line. Making all pharmaceutical manufacturing processes robust enough that you can do JIT might not be a good business decision because it might cost you more to make the process robust and get it reregistered than the value of having reduced inventory. On the other hand, generic-drug companies might be more eager to adopt Just – In – Time (JIT) manufacturing than innovator compan ies. Generic-drug manufacturers are more prone to driving manufacturing innovation to reduce cost because their margins are razor thin compared with the branded products, which provides advisory services in the global supply chain and enabling technology. A drug maker would not necessarily achieve the same level of success with Just – In – Time (JIT) manufacturing as a carmaker has, and it would be misguided for a drug company to adopt JIT principles just because it works for Toyota, Dell and Harley Davidson’s. Financial and manufacturing considerations are different in the pharmaceutical and automotive industries. JIT principles that work for a carmaker might not be appropriate for all drug-production processes. (Source: Is JIT Manufacturing the Right Prescription, by Erik Greb, pharmaceutical technology, Volume 33, Issue 3, PP. 72-78) CHANGES THAT MIGHT IMPROVE JIT IN THEORY /PRACTICE Researchers such as Crawford et al (1988) suggested that an obvious aspect for successful implementation of JIT is the commitment of sufficiently large resources in education and training to overcome the cultural resistance to change. Secondly they stated that the JIT implementation requires that the company focus on total quality control and total preventive maintenance in the early stages of implementation process, both these steps are needed in order to consistently perform to schedule. Other indicated actions to ensure performance to schedule include cross training workers and stabilizing the master production schedule. Conclusion Just-in-time manufacturing can be a positive influence on a company.   However there are many risks associated with attempting to implement JIT manufacturing techniques.   When looked at it appears to be a very simple, quick, and easy thing to do.   In reality it is a very complicated technique that takes long term commitment and a initial cost with no guarantee of success.  The most important thing for the company is to have good organized resource allocation. Also, the management and employees must have on their mind that this concept can help the organization to solve many problems in logistics. If implemented successfully it would eliminate waste, make the company more productive and more efficient.   It does this through shorter transportation and increased communication.   Although there are many companies that are successful, many companies are not.   Even though there are massive risks many still consider implementing JIT for it many advantages. The JIT concept is only one part in the value chain that brings the satisfaction to the customers. It means that the JIT concept cannot must solve existing problems in other organization processes. Everything in enterprises is needed to be healthy, through the hierarchy of employees and all workflow processes. Synergy is the only thing that can improve business results. And in the bottom line, the JIT concept is just one link in the whole chain, but very important. Reference: Donald Waters (2002) Operations Management Producing Goods and Services (second edition) London: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Pragman, Claudia. JIT II: a purchasing concept for reducing lead times in time-based competition. (just-in-time management). Business Horizons, July-August 1996 v39 n4 p54(5). http://ritalogisticsblog.wordpress.com/2010/04/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-just-in-time-jit-manufacturing-and-inventory-control-system/ www.tutor2u.net/business/production/just-in-time.html (Accessed on 10 June 2011)) Slack, N., Chambers, S., Johnston, R. (2007). Operations Management (5th ed.). London: Financial Times Prentice Hall. customwritten.com/Writing/jit-inventory-management-restaurant-paper.html www.ritalogisticsblog.wordpress.com/2010/04/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-just-in-time-jit-manufacturing-and-inventory-control-system/(Accessed on 10th May 2011)) http://etidweb.tamu.edu/ftp/entc412/Archive/Lean1.pdf emsstrategies.com/dm090203article2.html http://inventory-management.bestmanagementarticles.com/a-39335-just-in-time-jit-inventory-modelis-it-effective.aspx brighthub.com/office/project-management/articles/71901.aspx#ixzz1OniaZg4Z training-management.info/5s.htm http://ritalogisticsblog.wordpress.com/2010/04/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-just-in-time-jit-manufacturing-and-inventory-control-system/ www.chartitnow.com/5S.html (Accessed on 10th May 2011) emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1510084show=abstract The concept again by collocating supplier and customer, by Schonberger Gilbert (1983) and Pheng Hui (1998) Pharmtech.findpharma.com/pharmtech/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=584969sk=date=pageID=2 (Accessed on 10th June 2011) Is JIT Manufacturing the Right Prescription, by Erik Greb, pharmaceutical technology, Volume 33, Issue 3, PP. 72-78 Findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1038/is_n4_v39/ai_18485578/?tag=content;col1 (Accessed on 10th June 2011)